Optional

(Maybe Monad in C++ ~)

Example :

#include <iostream>
#include <experimental/optional>

int main() {
    std::experimental::optional<int> x;     // x has no value

    try {
        x.value();
    } catch(const std::logic_error& e) {
        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';      // "Attempt to access value of a disengaged optional object"
    }

    std::cout << x.value_or(0) << std::endl;    // 0

    return 0;
}

Build & Run :

$ [gcc|clang] -std=c++14 example.cpp
$ ./a.out

Optional

Reference